簡述什么是太歲紀年法?
太(tai)(tai)(tai)歲(sui)(sui)是(shi)(shi)古(gu)代(dai)天(tian)文學中(zhong)(zhong)假想(xiang)的(de)(de)歲(sui)(sui)星(xing),又稱歲(sui)(sui)陰或太(tai)(tai)(tai)陰。何以(yi)(yi)要(yao)假設此太(tai)(tai)(tai)歲(sui)(sui)?這(zhe)(zhe)要(yao)從(cong)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)謂十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)辰(chen)說起(qi)。古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)將黃道附近一(yi)周(zhou)天(tian)由(you)東向(xiang)西(xi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)等分,稱十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)辰(chen),用子(zi)、丑、寅(yin)(yin)(yin)、卯、辰(chen)、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)支(zhi)(zhi)表示,但其(qi)(qi)方(fang)向(xiang)與(yu)順序正好與(yu)歲(sui)(sui)星(xing)紀(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)法中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)次相反(fan)(參見本書“什么是(shi)(shi)歲(sui)(sui)星(xing)紀(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)法”一(yi)問),這(zhe)(zhe)樣,假想(xiang)的(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)歲(sui)(sui)就與(yu)真(zhen)歲(sui)(sui)星(xing)背(bei)道而馳了(le)(le)(le),如下圖(tu):古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)還為(wei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)個(ge)(ge)太(tai)(tai)(tai)歲(sui)(sui)年(nian)(nian)(nian)名(ming)分別取了(le)(le)(le)古(gu)怪的(de)(de)名(ming)稱以(yi)(yi)表示十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)個(ge)(ge)其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)閼(e),讀(du)(du)yān煙(yan);敦(dun),讀(du)(du)dùn頓;牂,讀(du)(du)zāng贓;涒,讀(du)(du)tūn吞;閹,讀(du)(du)yǎn演(yan)。以(yi)(yi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)歲(sui)(sui)紀(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)著名(ming)一(yi)例為(wei)戰國楚屈(qu)原《離騷》中(zhong)(zhong)“攝提貞(zhen)于(yu)孟陬兮,惟庚寅(yin)(yin)(yin)吾以(yi)(yi)降(jiang)”一(yi)句。“攝提”即太(tai)(tai)(tai)歲(sui)(sui)年(nian)(nian)(nian)名(ming)的(de)(de)“攝提格”,表明屈(qu)原出生(sheng)于(yu)“太(tai)(tai)(tai)歲(sui)(sui)在(zai)寅(yin)(yin)(yin)”之(zhi)年(nian)(nian)(nian);“孟陬”即盂春正月,夏歷正月建寅(yin)(yin)(yin);“庚寅(yin)(yin)(yin)”是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)生(sheng)日(ri)的(de)(de)干(gan)(gan)支(zhi)(zhi)。屈(qu)原的(de)(de)生(sheng)日(ri)正好是(shi)(shi)寅(yin)(yin)(yin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)寅(yin)(yin)(yin)月寅(yin)(yin)(yin)日(ri)。有論者(zhe)認為(wei),屈(qu)原生(sheng)于(yu)“太(tai)(tai)(tai)歲(sui)(sui)在(zai)寅(yin)(yin)(yin)”之(zhi)年(nian)(nian)(nian),反(fan)映(ying)了(le)(le)(le)當時(shi)歲(sui)(sui)星(xing)所(suo)在(zai)星(xing)空的(de)(de)實際(ji)方(fang)位(wei),不等同于(yu)后世(shi)干(gan)(gan)支(zhi)(zhi)紀(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)法里僅具抽象(xiang)符(fu)號意義的(de)(de)寅(yin)(yin)(yin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)。這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)認識(shi)是(shi)(shi)有見地的(de)(de)。西(xi)漢時(shi)期,歷家又取閼(e)逢、旃蒙、柔(rou)兆、強(qiang)圉、著雍、屠維、上章、重光、玄(xuan)默、昭(zhao)陽(yang)十(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)(ge)名(ming)稱,名(ming)叫(jiao)歲(sui)(sui)陽(yang)。從(cong)flv convert的(de)(de)片子(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)了(le)(le)(le)解到,太(tai)(tai)(tai)歲(sui)(sui)紀(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)創制之(zhi)初是(shi)(shi)為(wei)反(fan)映(ying)歲(sui)(sui)星(xing)逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)所(suo)在(zai)天(tian)空方(fang)位(wei),由(you)于(yu)“超辰(chen)”的(de)(de)存在(zai),以(yi)(yi)之(zhi)紀(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)積累至八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)多年(nian)(nian)(nian)就與(yu)天(tian)象(xiang)的(de)(de)實際(ji)不相符(fu)合了(le)(le)(le)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)干(gan)(gan)脆就用六十(shi)(shi)(shi)甲子(zi)的(de)(de)干(gan)(gan)支(zhi)(zhi)紀(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)了(le)(le)(le),這(zhe)(zhe)反(fan)映(ying)了(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)代(dai)紀(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)法由(you)天(tian)象(xiang)觀測到抽象(xiang)符(fu)號的(de)(de)歷程,這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)歷程與(yu)生(sheng)肖(xiao)紀(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)有何關(guan)系,至今仍有待研究。 值得一(yi)提的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),后世(shi)史家或文學家若用太(tai)(tai)(tai)歲(sui)(sui)紀(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)那些古(gu)怪的(de)(de)名(ming)稱紀(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian),完(wan)(wan)全是(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)仿(fang)古(gu),與(yu)實際(ji)天(tian)象(xiang)完(wan)(wan)全無(wu)(wu)關(guan),而是(shi)(shi)用當年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)干(gan)(gan)支(zhi)(zhi)紀(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)對(dui)照而來。司馬光《資治通鑒》即有意仿(fang)古(gu),如卷一(yi)“周(zhou)紀(ji)一(yi)”:“起(qi)著雍攝提格,盡(jin)玄(xuan)默困敦(dun),凡三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)”。這(zhe)(zhe)就是(shi)(shi)說從(cong)戊寅(yin)(yin)(yin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)到壬子(zi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)共三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian),并(bing)無(wu)(wu)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)奧秘。...
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