“先天而天弗違,后天而奉天時”是什么意思?
也就是(shi)說(shuo),大人的(de)行事(shi)不(bu)論先于天(tian),還是(shi)后于天(tian),都與天(tian)相合。但是(shi),后世易(yi)學(xue)中通常所(suo)說(shuo)的(de)“先天(tian)”、“后天(tian)”,意義又(you)有所(suo)不(bu)同。
語出自(zi)《乾?文(wen)言》:“先天(tian)而天(tian)弗違(wei)(wei),后(hou)天(tian)而奉天(tian)時(shi)。”“天(tian)”,即天(tian)時(shi)、天(tian)道(dao),指(zhi)自(zi)然(ran)規律。“先天(tian)”,指(zhi)人的(de)行(xing)為(wei)先于自(zi)然(ran)規律;“后(hou)天(tian)”,即行(xing)為(wei)后(hou)于自(zi)然(ran)規律。“違(wei)(wei)”為(wei)違(wei)(wei)背(bei),“奉”為(wei)奉行(xing)。
翻譯(yi):對于(yu)“非常人”來(lai)說,合乎天地的意志,有日月的光(guang),符四季的秩序,也順應(ying)神鬼的吉兇。在天意之前行(xing)(xing)事(shi),天意不逆反他;在天意之后行(xing)(xing)事(shi),就順應(ying)天理(li)。
先(xian)民在先(xian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)時(shi)代行(xing)事,天(tian)(tian)(tian)合于人(ren)而不(bu)違(wei)人(ren),人(ren)與自然(ran)間協調得十分完美;后天(tian)(tian)(tian)時(shi)代人(ren)們行(xing)事,須奉順上天(tian)(tian)(tian),從天(tian)(tian)(tian)而動。先(xian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)之時(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)和諧(xie)一(yi)致,后天(tian)(tian)(tian)之時(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)間的(de)相互協調則有所欠缺。
蓋(gai)自后(hou)天(tian)(tian)以來,身奉(feng)巾櫛,以周施(shi)也。”亦代指后(hou)夫。 明郎瑛(ying)《七修類稿·奇謔·三天(tian)(tian)》:“已嫁二(er)夫,其夫復死,將再醮焉。士(shi)人(ren)恥之,有嘲一絕以戲(xi)之者,詩云(yun):‘辭靈羹飯哭金錢,哭出(chu)先天(tian)(tian)與后(hou)天(tian)(tian)。
③位(wei)(wei)乎天(tian)(tian)德,九五之爻(yao)(yao),處于上卦(gua)中位(wei)(wei),此位(wei)(wei)又(you)稱天(tian)(tian)位(wei)(wei)。此爻(yao)(yao)是全卦(gua)之主爻(yao)(yao),集中體現了天(tian)(tian)的(de)品德屬(shu)性。④偕(xie),《說(shuo)文》:“偕(xie),俱也。”與時偕(xie)極(ji),猶言陽(yang)爻(yao)(yao)依次上升,陽(yang)氣依時旺盛,一同達到(dao)了極(ji)限。⑤天(tian)(tian)則(ze),天(tian)(tian)的(de)法則(ze)。
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